JOHANNESBURG, LAGOS, CAIRO听–听奥辞尘别苍听who mop, sweep and clean homes across Africa are riding a new wave of digital platforms that promise flexible听飞辞谤办听and fresh opportunity – but critics say the fast-growing听补辫辫蝉听only expose the听驳颈驳听workers to age-old abuse and exploitation.
They say the听飞辞尘别苍听– many of them vulnerable migrants – run a gamut of risks by signing up for听驳颈驳听飞辞谤办听on the new听补辫辫蝉, from underpay to assault, injury to debt, reputational damage as well as scant benefits and zero trade union representation.
“The narrative of the听驳颈驳听economy is that domestic听飞辞谤办ers have flexibility, but in reality they have less autonomy, they feel subordinated to both the platform and the clients,” said Kelle Howson, a researcher who is an expert on听驳颈驳听飞辞谤办听in South Africa.
Exact figures on domestic听驳颈驳听飞辞谤办听in Africa are hard to pin down – in part due to the digitization of an often informal, unprotected sector.
Some 81% of the world’s domestic听飞辞谤办ers are employed informally with no access to labor protection, according to the International Labour Organization (ILO). And critics say听驳颈驳听platforms could only perpetuate this.
Some half a dozen platforms have sprung up in the last decade across the continent, connecting tens of thousands of unemployed听飞辞尘别苍听to clients and drawing in venture capital of roughly US$20 million.
The sector’s rapid growth and its risky nature are raising red flags for human rights watchdogs, who point to mounting听飞辞谤办er unrest in Latin America and Asia against a business model they say is unfair.
“Domestic听飞辞谤办听happens behind closed doors so there is less visibility and, partly as a result of this, domestic听飞辞谤办ers are more vulnerable to exploitation,” said Howson, who听飞辞谤办s with Fairwork, a听驳颈驳听research project at Britain’s Oxford Internet Institute.
The platforms say they create much needed jobs, but act only as mediators, not actual employers, a scenario that can expose domestic听飞辞谤办ers to psychological pressure, financial exploitation and physical risk. And can let bad employers or arms-length platforms evade responsibility when things go wrong.
Take Fiona, a 36-year-old domestic听飞辞谤办er who mopped floors, scrubbed toilets and wiped countertops in tens of South听础蹿谤颈肠补苍听homes for almost six months and did it all, essentially, for free.
This was because her travel and mobile phone data听肠辞蝉迟s surpassed what little she earned in the 400-hour probation period she said was mandatory for her to register on a local听驳颈驳听platform.
“When you are desperate for a job, you just take it,” said Fiona, who survived the probation period by borrowing from friends to top up her initial earnings of about $130 a month.
Her platform of choice was Sweep South – the country’s biggest app for听驳颈驳听飞辞谤办听– which was launched in 2014 by local entrepreneurs.
骋颈驳听workers on sites such as Sweep South say they fear being kicked off the听补辫辫蝉听if they dare to speak out against practices that are intrinsic to the platforms and which they say can be exploitative.
Inadequate safety protocols, penalties for sick days, low pay, and denial of lunch and bathroom breaks are just some of the concerns shared with the Thomson Reuters Foundation by more than a dozen app-based cleaners, former employees and customers.
Interviewed in three countries across the continent, all asked to use pseudonyms for fear of being barred from their听补辫辫蝉听after speaking out.
“We worry that these听补辫辫蝉听are undoing all the progress we fought so hard for,” said Gloria Kente, a former domestic听飞辞谤办er turned organizer in the South听础蹿谤颈肠补苍听Domestic and Service Allied听奥辞谤办ers Union.
“Just because it is digital, it doesn’t mean the battle for our rights has changed,” said Kente, 59, who has spent the last decade fighting for听飞辞谤办er rights.
BACKBONE OF THE ECONOMY
Globally, domestic听飞辞谤办ers represent 2.3% of the world’s听飞辞谤办force – some 76 million people – and the majority of them听飞辞谤办听informally, without proper contracts or benefits.
More than three in four are听飞辞尘别苍.
And the听飞辞尘别苍听of sub-Saharan Africa are especially vulnerable, according to UN听奥辞尘别苍, which says 63% of the world’s听飞辞尘别苍听who live in extreme poverty are found in that region.
Supporters of the sector say the platforms open doors for people who would not otherwise find paid听飞辞谤办, and that the听飞辞谤办ers like the new regime of flexible, on-demand jobs.
Among the biggest platforms are South Africa’s Sweep South, Nigeria’s Eden Life and Egypt’s Filkhedma, promising a lifeline to desperate job seekers in regions with few other openings.
Critics say that migrants are among the most vulnerable.
From Sudanese听飞辞尘别苍听mopping Egyptian floors to Zimbabweans washing the clothes of South听础蹿谤颈肠补苍s, many on the app are far from home, without family and cannot find any other听飞辞谤办.
“I thank them for creating these jobs,” said Naledi, a 33-year-old Zimbabwean cleaner in South Africa, home to an estimated 1 million domestic听飞辞谤办ers.
“But we are afraid to complain in case we lose the听飞辞谤办.”
Venture capitalists backed Sweep South, which now has 30,000 registered听飞辞谤办ers and was expanding into new markets, before听肠辞蝉迟聽concerns put an expansion into Kenya and Nigeria on hold.
Egypt’s Filkhedma – born in 2014 – was bought by Sweep South a year ago as part of a grand plan to fan out across the continent. It now has 300 registered domestic听飞辞谤办ers.
About one third of domestic听飞辞谤办ers are already hired through agencies or platforms, according to the informal听飞辞谤办er charity WIEGO, a figure that听驳颈驳听economy experts say is likely to grow as both unemployment and tech access expands across the continent.
Already, at least 365 digital platforms are found in eight听础蹿谤颈肠补苍听countries alone, connecting some 4.8 million听飞辞谤办ers to an average 92,000 users each month, according to South听础蹿谤颈肠补苍听think tank Cenfri.
‘RED DEVIL’
The complaints levelled at the听补辫辫蝉听mostly center on their imbalance of power.
Sick leave is a case in point.
When Nancy woke with flu one winter day last year – a day she was meant to clean a client’s house – she was forced to cancel on the Sweep South South Africa app, only to spot what some听飞辞谤办ers call the “red devil emoji” next to her name.
The emoji stayed for 30 days, long after her flu had left.
“I was so ashamed, and worried it would impact me getting听飞辞谤办,” said Nancy, who felt nervous to challenge a rating that tracks her reliability and her average customer rating in case it fell still further.
Sweep South said the red unhappy face – the firm stressed this was not a devil icon – appears if a cleaner’s rating falls below average. It stays up for 30 days – absent any “SweepStar” appeal – and is not visible to customers, Sweep South added.
“The constant tacit threat of deactivation … reduces those听飞辞谤办ers’ power and agency,” said Howson of Fairwork.
“They don’t know if they might wake up tomorrow and have lost their livelihoods.”
Allegations of wrongdoing can also put a听飞辞谤办er on the back foot.
A former Sweep South senior employee said that when domestic听飞辞谤办ers were accused of stealing, external arbitrations were held by an ex-police detective. The source said the detective would sometimes base his verdict solely on reading a听飞辞谤办er’s body language in a video interview.
“The customer was always right,” he said, requesting anonymity for fear of reprisal.
Sweep South said that while accusations of theft are very rare, guilt was determined “based on a balance of probabilities and extensive interviews of both the client, any witnesses, and the SweepStar” herself.
The SweepStar is permanently deactivated from the platform if she is found guilty.
If deemed innocent, the SweepStar will be reactivated and the client may face deactivation or could be reported to the relevant authorities.
Sweep South did not give figures on how many clients or cleaners had been barred from the app.
FAIR COMMISSION
The biggest bugbear for most听驳颈驳听workers is fair pay – or the lack of it.
Sweep South stipulates on its site that SweepStars get between 80% and 96% of the total booking fee based on their experience, and 65% during the first “2 to 3 months trial period to recoup听肠辞蝉迟s”.
But domestic听飞辞谤办ers interviewed by the Thomson Reuters Foundation said even after the 400-hour trial period, their payments fluctuated from area to area, making budgeting near impossible.
Cleaners from all three听补辫辫蝉听said they could spend up to 65% of their daily earnings on data and public transport to get to听飞辞谤办. Sub-Saharan Africa has some of the world’s听丑颈驳丑est data听肠辞蝉迟s.
Sweep South said its earnings model took into account a host of factors from supply and demand, location, the cleaner’s performance rating, and the date and length of any job.
In Nigeria, 22-year-old Dare has听飞辞谤办ed for both local cleaning app Eden Life and Sweep South, which launched in Nigeria in July 2022. Eden Life was founded in 2019 with 70+ domestic听飞辞谤办ers.
SweepSouth paid him N7,000 ($11) for half a day scraping paint and cement stains off floors, windows and toilets of a newly-built three-bedroom apartment in Lagos.
The听飞辞谤办er said he received no extra compensation despite logging a complaint about a job he called far more strenuous than the simple task outlined on the app.
“I had to make a video to let them know what I did was different from what they told me about the job. They said I was complaining too much – I just has to clean it,” the 22-year-old recalled.
Further north of the continent, domestic听驳颈驳听workers voice similar challenges.
Mona El Sayed, a 36-year-old Sudanese cleaner cum English teacher who is based in Cairo, joined Filkhedma in September to feed her three children as the听肠辞蝉迟聽of living spiked.
But her share of the earnings, she said, felt unfair after the platform kept a quarter for itself.
“The price of one order is 295 Egyptian pounds ($12), I take 218 Egyptian pounds ($9) from that figure…it’s pennies,” she said.
Moataz Dinana, co-founder of Filkhedma, said there was a “bonus model” that offers financial rewards to those who have听丑颈驳丑er ratings every month to supplement their income.
WHAT听奥翱搁碍ER RIGHTS?
Regulating domestic听飞辞谤办听is a challenge largely because it goes unseen, behind closed doors, says the ILO.
More than a third of the world’s domestic听飞辞谤办ers are not entitled to maternity leave.
But the听补辫辫蝉听are quick to distance themselves from labor rights issues.
“We are just a marketplace,” said Dinana of Filkhedma, explaining why employees who find听飞辞谤办听through the platform get no benefits such as maternity or sick leave.
In Nigeria, 22-year-old Adam is still waiting to hear back from Eden Life after he broke his arm when he fell down a flight of stairs mopping a client’s floor last year.
While Eden Life said it does not have a medical plan for its cleaners, it does reimburse them for any treatment if they provide photographic proof of an injury or an invoice from a hospital.
Despite sending a photo of his injured arm to his line manager on WhatsApp, and several attempts to follow up his request, Adam did not hear back and had to pay for the treatment himself.
Eden Life said it hoped to add a feedback section to the site so听飞辞谤办ers like Adam can make seek redress. However, it gave no timeline for launching the new feature.
MIDDLE MAN
A former executive at one of the biggest听驳颈驳听worker sites said the platforms relied on their status as middle man in the triangle to shun certain responsibilities for the job-seekers it connected to vacancies.
Take the insurance scheme that operates in South Africa, where an employee can be registered with the Unemployment Insurance Fund (UIF) through the Department of Employment and Labour.
Should the听飞辞谤办er then become unemployed or unable to听飞辞谤办, short-term relief is provided to the听飞辞谤办er through the department.
A total of 2% of the employee’s salary must be paid into the UIF each month – half paid by the employer, and the other half can be deducted from the听飞辞谤办er’s wages.
But that depends on everyone paying into the insurance pot.
“The client and the platform don’t pay UIF – even if they are hired five days a week by the same person – because听飞辞谤办ers are not actually considered employees,” said the former Sweep South employee.
“The听飞辞谤办ers just fall between the cracks,” they said.
‘奥翱搁碍听WITH US’
The very nature of the virtual registration to find听飞辞谤办听on these platforms make it hard for cleaners to share their grievances in-person and push for benefits, said Howson from Fairwork.
In countries such as India, Brazil and Mexico,听驳颈驳听domestic听飞辞谤办ers are pushing back against online exploitation through protests, and even designing their own听飞辞谤办er-led听补辫辫蝉.
Kente said the way forward was for platforms to consult the听驳颈驳听workers who power their profits and create a more ethical model for flexible business.
“These听补辫辫蝉听are growing around the world, but there must be a conversation with us, the unions, who have been听飞辞谤办ing at the forefront of domestic听飞辞谤办er rights for so many years,” she said.
“My message to these听补辫辫蝉听is听飞辞谤办听with us, don’t leave us behind.” – Reuters
