JAKARTA 鈥 Indonesian authorities, including the military, used online disinformation campaigns to brand activists and journalists as 鈥渇oreign agents鈥 and silence dissent, sometimes leading to physical threats, Amnesty International said in a report released on Tuesday.
Amnesty鈥檚 findings reflect growing concerns that Indonesia, the world鈥檚 third largest democracy, is backsliding towards army rule under President Prabowo Subianto, a former special forces commander, who has expanded the military鈥檚 role in civilian affairs since taking office in 2024.
鈥淚n the 18 months since Prabowo took power, online disinformation has emerged as a key tactic to systematically discredit government critics, shut down public debate and justify repression,鈥 Amnesty International鈥檚 Secretary General Agn猫s Callamard said in a statement accompanying the release of the report, entitled 鈥淏uilding Up Imaginary Enemies鈥.
The rights group found that the disinformation campaigns were being driven by social media accounts that appeared to be affiliated to military units and to Mr. Prabowo鈥檚 Gerindra party.
Neither Mr. Prabowo鈥檚 office nor the military immediately responded to Reuters鈥 request for comment.
ONLINE ATTACKS, OFFLINE HARM
In March last year, human rights activists, including Andrie Yunus from the Commission for Missing Persons and Victims of Violence, protested against the expansion of the military鈥檚 presence in Indonesia.
The following day, a video falsely labeling them as foreign agents went viral. Amnesty鈥檚 metadata analysis found it was first uploaded by three accounts owned by Gerindra party offices before being amplified by 31 accounts affiliated with 27 military units on Instagram, Facebook, X, and Youtube.
A year later, Andrie Yunus was the victim of an acid attack, allegedly by four military officers now being tried in a military court.
Accounts linked to military units also amplified false claims that Tempo – a magazine known for hard-hitting investigative reporting – was acting as a foreign agent, Amnesty said.
That same month, Tempo鈥檚 office was sent decapitated animal carcasses in a bid to intimidate them.
鈥淪ustained disinformation campaigns have been deployed to delegitimize civil society actors, journalists and rights defenders and use foreign agent labels to justify or even in some cases encourage physical violence,鈥 said Chanatip Tatiyakaroonwong, the report鈥檚 author.
鈥楩OREIGN AGENTS鈥
Since taking office, Mr. Prabowo has cited the role played by 鈥渇oreign agents鈥 at least 25 times in key speeches, Amnesty said, including during last year鈥檚 deadly student-led protests. Evidence for the claims has not been made public.
Energy minister Bahlil Lahadalia聽 also accused environmental group Greenpeace of acting on behalf of foreign interests following its protests against mining in Papua鈥檚 biodiversity-rich Raja Ampat islands, Amnesty said.
Mr. Bahlil鈥檚 statement triggered disinformation campaigns against Greenpeace, including attempts to link it to Papuan armed separatist groups, it said.
Social media platforms such as Meta, TikTok, X and YouTube鈥檚 content moderation and engagement-driven algorithms allowed disinformation to spread rapidly, with most documented posts remaining online for months, Amnesty said.
鈥淏ig Tech鈥檚 failures have contributed to the human rights harms documented in this report,鈥 Ms. Callamard said.
Of the four platforms contacted by Amnesty, only TikTok responded, pledging additional monitoring. 鈥 Reuters
